project work of computer 2070

1. What is computer network? Explain.

=Computer network means two or more computers connected to each   other to share data, hardware, software and other resources.

                                                                                                                                           

2. List the three major components of computer network.

= The three major components of computer network are:

 

   * NIC (Network Interface Card)  

   





   * Connectors                      

  * Bridge

                                                         

3. Define NOS and Protocol.

= NOS (Network Operating System) is the group of programs that manages the resources on the network. And protocols are the set of rules that are followed by the sender and receiver to make communication possible.
                                                                                                                  

4. What is communication channel? List its types with examples.

= communication channel is a medium through which data or signals can be transmitted from one point to another.it's examples are:
*guided/bounded media

*unguided/unbounded media
                                                         
      

5. Write short notes on twisted pair and Co axial cable.

= Twisted pair: These kinds of wires are made of copper and pair     of wires are twisted together. They are normally used to connect devices to a shorter distance.as they are inexpensive mediums of data transmission. They are easier to install and use. Twisted pairs are available in two forms: Unshielded twisted pair(UTP)and shielded twisted pair(STP)
        

                                                         
Co axial cable: It is a wire with single-ended single reference where the central conductor carries the data signals. The central conductor is usually made with copper wire.an insulator surrounds the conductor. This insulator is also covered by a thick

Material, which is called jacket.it provides better noise rejection than other cables.it is mostly used with BNC,T-connectors and terminators in bus topology of a computer network and cable network. Its maximum speed is 10 Mbps.

                                                                                                                                                

6. Write short notes on fiber optic cable and radio wave or microwave.

= Fiber optic cable: These are one of the costlier cables in data communication.it uses light to carry a data signal through the cable.it uses a thin thread of glass to conduct light from one end of the cable to another end.fibre optics uses light signals rather than electricity. The connectors used in fiber optics are screw-mounted adaptor (SMA) or straight tip connectors(ST),subscriber connector(SC) and ferrule connector(FC).it's main disadvantage is, it is costlier to produce, maintain and install.
                                                           

Microwaves: Its is also called line of sight communication .it is a wireless technology that can be used to transmit data between two different networks or computers.microwave travels at higher frequency than radio waves.microwave transmision requires the sender to be inside of the reciever. its types are:
*terrestrial microwave
*satellite microwave

7.Write short notes on NIC and Hub

= Network Interface Card(NIC): It is a hardware device that acts as an interface through which a computer is connected to a network.

Hub: It is device with multiple points or ports.it acts as a central point from where different computers and other devices are connected.it also amplifies the signal and sends them to all connected devices.the hub is mostly used in physical star topology.
                                                          

8.Write short notes on Repeater and Router.

= Repeater: It is a device that amplifies the incoming signals,creates a new copy of it and transmits the signals on the network.

Router: It is an intelligent device that connects two different networks.
                                                            

9.write short notes on bridge,gateway and MODEM.

= bridge: It is a device that connects two or more similar types of network.

MODEM:It is the short from of modulator-demodulator .this is a  device used to transfer the data of one computer to another using telephone lines.
                                                            

10.Write short notes on Client/server and Peer to Peer network.

=client -server network: It consists at least one server and one or more clients or workstations,where users do their work.it provides better security of data.

peer to peer network: It is a group of computers which functions both as servers and workstations to share data,information and other resources of the network.
                                                             

11.Define server and Workstation.

=Server is the main computer that provides services,data and other resources to the other computers in network environment.for example mail server,print server etc.And the workstation is a computer where the client works.
                                                                 

12.list the types of network.And write short notes on LAN.

=The types of network are:
*local Area Network(LAN)
*Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
*Wide Area Network(WAN)

LAN: It is a network of computers that are relatively near to each other and are connected in a way that enables them to communicate by cable and small wireless device.
                                                             13.What is topology? write short notes on star topology with diagram.

=The arrangement or connection patterns of computers or nodes and other devices of a network is known as topology.

Star topology: In star topology all computers or network devices are connected through a central devices called hub or switch.the computers are connected to the hub or switch using unshielded twisted pair,shielded twisted pair or fiver optics cables.this is the most popular network topology used to connect computers and other devices in a network.
                                                              14. 14.Write short notes on bus and ring topology with diagram.

=In bus topology,computer and other devices are arranged in a linear format .it uses a common backbone or wire to connect all the computers and devices.the backbone is called bus.


In ring topology computers are connected in the shape of circle without any end point.each workstation contains two neighbors for communication or an input and an output connection.





                                                             

15.Write short notes on MAN and WAN.

=Metropolitan Area Network(MAN): It is a network of computers which is spread over a metropolitan area such as within a city.

Wide Area Network(WAN): It is a network system of connecting two or more computers generally across a wide geographical area such as cities,districts and countries.
                                                           

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of network.

= Advantages of network are:
*Computers in the network can access the network-connected hardware devices like printers,disk drivers etc
*Information can be exchanged rapidly in computer network.so,it makes communication very fast.
*Communication made bye a computer network is very cheap.
*Computers in a network system share different software packages.

Disadvantages of network are:
*Failure of server stops application being available.
*Network failure may cause loss of data.
*User work dependents upon a network.
*The system opens to hackers.
                                                             

Ghalegaun

Ghale gaun villagesituated at the foot of Lamjung  Himal in north central Nepal, Ghale Gaun village the best village among south asian villages is the perfect example of home stay based tourism destination in Nepal which is situated at an altitude of 2070 m from sea level which belongs to warrior ethnic Gurung tribe. This beautiful village lies in along the round Annapurna circuit route a whole worlds as well as Nepal's a popular trekking destination. The total houses are about 115 and majority inhabitants are Gurungs. This majestic village is only 205 km northwest of Kathmandu and 125 km northeast of Pokhara

How to reach there?

The ghale gaun lies to the great Annapurna Range which starts from Beshishar around 43 km North from Dumbre the popular stop at Prithivi Highway. Besishahar can be reached by bus from Kathmandu Pokhara as well from major cities of the country. From Beshishar you can be rolled towards the winding road uphill dotted with the agricultured farm. As you go up, you will see an array of snow peaks crowned with nature and beauty that left breathless, felt like all Himalayan giants are lined up for the cameras to get captured. There are routes with options.

·  Route Number 1 : Beshishar - Baglung pani - Kapurgaun - Ghalegaun

·  Route Number 2 : Beshishar - Khudi - Simpani - Ghale Gaun

·  Route Number 3 : Beshishar - Khudi - Ghanpokhara - nayu - Ghale Gaun

·  Route Number 4 : Pokhara - Thumsikot - Pakhurikot - Pasgaun - Bhujung - Ghale Gaun

·  Route Number 5 : Beshishar - Pasgaun - Bhujung - Ghale Gaun

·  Route Number 6 : Beshishar - bahundanda - Koto - Duthpokhari - Ghanpokhara - Ghale Gaun

In this date we were called at our school at 6:45am but everyone came is around 7 pm.then we left the school around 7:45 am. We all were excited because Ghalegaun is such a beautiful place and we all were going to live there for four days and 3 nights.

computer project work

DOS command

1. DEL a:\temp\*.bas

=  it deletes all the files whose extension is bas of sudirectory temp of a drive.

2. MD b:\temp\new

= creates subdirectory new under sudirectory temp of b drive.

3. vol a:

= display volume label of a drive.

4. b:\ date 01-23-2005

= it changes the current system date to 23rd janauary 2005.

5.c:\dos>time 11:45:67:80 p

= it changes current system time to 11:45pm
6. RMDIR a:\temp\new
= it removes the subdirectory new of subdirectory temp of a drive.
7. type b:\temp\ tt .txt
= it displays the content of the file tt habing extension txt of directory tempo of b drive.
8. c:\copycon a:\aaa.txt
= creates a new file named as AAA with txt extension in a drive from c drive.
9. c:\copy*.tmp c:\temp
= it copies all the files having tmp as extension to the subdirectory temp of c drive from c drive.
10. c:\format a:/v:nine/s
= it formats a disk on a drive and supplies the volume nine and transfers the system files.
11. c:\dos >ren c:\dos\Qbasic\*.bas*.prg
= it renames all the files whose extension is bas into extension prg of subdirectory Qbasic under subdirectory dos of v drive.
12. c:\edit a:\new.txt
= allows user to open the file new having extension txt in edit mode of a drive from c drive.
13.c:\ Dir*.EXE p/w
= it displays all the files and directories page wise.

frenz !!!!

(y)

1.  Define tag and attribute with example.

Tags
· Code used in creating html documents are called tags .
The following list of rules you need to remember when creating html documents they are:
o  Tags are always enclosed in left (<) and right (>) angle brackets
o  Tags can be uppercase to lowercase.
o  Tags that need to be turned on and off are called container tags.
·example of tags are: <body><head><title><marquee><heading><font><img><a>etc

Attributes
·Additional information given about the tag is known as attributes.
·examples of attributes are:
align, color, width, height, hrefetc

 2.Define webpage, website, HTTP, homepage?

Webpage
·A webpage is the document that is created in html that’s shows up on the internet when you type in one go to the webpage's address.

Website
·A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a set of related web containing content such as text, images, video, audio, etc.
·A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform Resource Locator.

HTTP
·The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
·HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.

Homepage
·A home page or index page has various related meanings to do with web sites.
·It is also usually the first page that the link/site takes the user to.

homework of dashain and tihar of computer

Choose any two national and international personalities then prepare a detailed biography each and post them with at least 4 paragraphs related to those personalities in the blog.

1.    International Personalities:

1.    Joe Satriani

Joseph “Joe” Satriani (born July 15, 1956) is an American instrumental rock guitarist and multi-instrumentalist, with multiple Grammy Award nominations. Early in his career, Satriani worked as a guitar instructor, and some of his former students have achieved fame with their guitar skills (Steve Vai, Larry Lalonde, Rick Hunolt, Kirk Hammett, Andy Timmons, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan and Alex Skolnick).  Satriani has been a driving force in the music credited to other musicians throughout his career, as a founder of the ever-changing touring trio, G3, as well as performing in various positions with other musicians.

He is heavily influenced by blues-rock guitar icons such as Jimi Hendrix, Eric Claton, Jimmy Page, Ritchie Blackmore and Jeff Beck, but possesses his own easily recognized style. He was inspired to play guitar at age of fourteen soon after learning of the death of Jimi Hendrix. He has been said to have heard the news during a football training session, where he confronted his coach and announced that he was quitting becoming a guitarist. In 2006, Satriani signed on as an official supporter of Little Kids Rock, a non-profit organization that provides free musical instruments and instruction to children to children in underserved public schools throughout the U.S.A.

2.          Paolo Cesare Maldini

Paolo Cesare Maldini is a football player. He is currently the 21st ranked world famous soccer players of all time having acquired about 26 individual awards during his input in playing soccer. Maldini is one of the few famous soccer player that spend their entire career in one team and in this case it was Milan. Maldini was one of the Italy's and Milan's best defenders and one of the most famous soccer players from italy. He was a central or left-defender that has served club and country for over 25 years. He played fot the Italian National Team for 14 years retiring in 2002 with a 126 caps and having participated in 4 world cup events. With the club he retired at the age of 40, having been present in all the clubs 25 seasons, making him one of the famous reliable defenders of the Milan team. As a matter of honor the club retired his number 3 jersey, but it shall be revived once his son in the youth academy is taken in by the senior team.

Maldini played at a world class level for his entire career spanning 2 and half decades, and won the Best Defender trophy at the UEFA Club Football Awards at the age of 39. He came second to George Weah for the FIFA World Player of the Year Award in 1995, the closest a defender had ever reached to winning the award, until Fabio Cannavaro, a fellow Italian won the award in 2006. He was the Milan and Italy captain for many years and was considered a leader amongst leaders by fellow footballers, leading to the nickname “Il Capitano" (the Captain). Paolo's father Cesare formerly played for and captained Milan, and is a successful national U-21 manager.

1.               National Personalities:

1.               Madhav Prasad Ghimire

Madhav Prasad Ghimire (born October 22, 1919), is a Nepali poet.  He is regarded as one of the best poet in the Nepali Language. In terms of popularity, excellence and acclaim, Ghimire is considered a source of inspiration in Nepali Literature.He is best known for Gauri, Malati Mangale, Himal Pari, Himal Wari, Aswathama, Rajeshwari and Shakuntala. He was honoured as the Rashtra Kavi(Poet of nation) of Nepal. Gauri is a collection of poem segments that Madhav Prasad Ghimire wrote after the death of his wife. He has appreciated his wife's good character, beauty, friendlienss and contemplation of her death in a young age living behind two young daughters, in the collection. 

Madhav Ghimire is a living legend. Born in 1919, he is among the last of the older generation of poets in Nepal. His contemporaries – Bal Krishna Sama, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, and Siddhicharan Shrestha – have become historical figures in the annals of Nepalese literature; Ghimire is the only link to their past. A time in which these poets created some of the most powerful verses in Nepali literature. Today, their works are studied in school, college, and university.

2.               Bhusan Dahal

Tara Bhusan Dahal (born 18 May 1966) is a Nepali music video director and media personality who has been based in Nepal since 1988. He is most noted for his contribution to the Nepali television and video industry, and is also well known for his movie Kagbeni, where he made his directorial debut after making notable music videos, documentaries and features. Dahal has directed music videos for hundreds of Nepali singing talents, including Nima Rumba, Ramkrishna Dhakal, Rajesh Payal Rai, 1974 AD, Om Bikram Bista, Yogeswor Amatya, Nhyoo Bajracharya to name a few and the most exotic SAA KARNALI for Nepathya.

During 1988-1990 he anchored Sunday Pop, a programme of international pop music on Nepal Television (NTV), he initiated Disha Nirdesh, a political programme run on NTV anchored by Bijay Kumar, and has been hosting Fireside, a current affairs talk show on Kantipur Television, since 2003. Dahal served Nepal Television as a beginner and was the first executive producer for image channel, executive director for Dibyadristi, his own television production venture in Nepal before joining Kantipur Television as the chief executive producer.

About Bhanubhakta

some people are born to guide the society.they do some extraordinary work in the fields like art,culture,literature,science or politics.such work affects the society for ages.they are never forgotten by the people .poet bhanubhakta was one of  such distinguished persons who heighted the Nepali language and literature.

bhanubhakta,son of dhanajay acharya,was born at ramgha in tanahun district of gandaki zone on 29th asar 1871 BS.he received his education from his grandfather shree Krishna acharya spiritual philosophy.he used to write poems in Nepali in his childhood.he was very studious and practical.

accourding to poet motiram bhatta, bhanubhakta had the inspiration of creating literature from a grass-cutter who got well dug in order to make his name immortal.so bhanubhakta devoted himself to write literary works to be remembered after his death.

bhanubhakta spent most of his time in kathmandu.he was charmed by the beauty of kathmandu and composed a beautiful poem "amarawati kantipur nagari."

bhanubhakta started writing the ramayan in 1898 BS.this ramayan is an epic which took a very long time to complete.the  ramayan became a popular book .it is simple Nepali language spoken by general people.it was the first nepali book that reached the literary height.the ramayan was not written at a stretch.when he had finished the first canto,he had to go to prison where he wrote most parts of ramayan.this epic was completed in 1910 BS.during his imprison,he wrote some poems too.

the other literary work of bhanubhakta are badhushikshya, prasnottari and ramgeeta. in addition to these books, he wrote some poems also.bhanubhakta breathed his last in 1925 BS.

bhanubhakta was a great poet.he was a practical man.his language was simple.his poem has the spirit of Nepali life.he described the pitiable condition of nepali women.he was a great supporter of the nepali culture.we find the description of spiritual feelings,devotion to god,and religion in his work.he believed in the devotion of ram.he occupies the same place in Nepali literatue as the prithivi narayan shah in politics.

we find beauty in his poems.the description of kantipur supports that he had very deep love for his country.